Intracellular and extracellular water content with carbohydrate-loading diets / Contenido de agua intracelular y extracelular con dietas de carga de carbohidratos / Conteúdo de água intracelular e extracelular com dietas de carregamento de carboidratos

ABSTRACT Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ∼2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrate-loading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Post-depletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria.

RESUMEN Introducción: En actividades físicas prolongadas, la reposición de agua y el glucógeno muscular son factores limitantes en los corredores de maratón. La carga de carbohidratos (CHO) en los días previos a la competencia de resistencia es un método empleado para optimizar las reservas de glucógeno muscular y el rendimiento del ejercicio. Cómo cada gramo de glucógeno muscular se une a ≈ 2,7 a 4 gramos de agua, puede producirse retención de agua durante las dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias entre las estrategias de carga de carbohidratos (Bergström y Sherman) en el contenido de agua intracelular (AIC) o extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Veintitrés corredores fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos intervenciones (Bergström y Sherman) en un diseño cruzado. Los participantes se sometieron a una evaluación inicial antes de los 3 días de agotamiento del glucógeno, seguido de 3 días de carga de carbohidratos con un tiempo de "washout" de 30 días que consistía en una dieta y entrenamiento normales. Se utilizó bioimpedancia multifrecuencia (BIS) para evaluar AIC y AEC al inicio, después del agotamiento y después de CHO para determinar cualquier diferencia entre las dos intervenciones. También se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para evaluar el potasio. Se determinaron asociaciones entre AIC, AEC y glucógeno muscular. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC o AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Hubo un efecto de tiempo para AIC, con un aumento desde Post-agotamiento hasta Post-CHO sin ninguna diferencia entre las intervenciones. El potasio plasmático disminuyó entre el inicio y el post-agotamiento en ambas condiciones. No hubo diferencia en el contenido de glucógeno muscular entre las intervenciones o momentos. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias en el contenido de AIC y AEC entre las dos intervenciones en ningún momento. Nivel de Evidencia I; Pruebas de Criterios Diagnóstico Desarrollados Previamente.

RESUMO Introdução: Em atividades físicas prolongadas a reposição hídrica e o conteúdo de glicogênio muscular são fatores limitantes em corredores de maratonas. O carregamento de carboidrato (CHO) nos dias anteriores à competição de resistência é um método comumente empregado para otimizar os estoques de glicogênio muscular e o desempenho no exercício. Uma vez que cada grama de glicogênio muscular liga-se a ≈2,7 a 4 gramas de água, a retenção hídrica pode ocorrer durante dietas de carregamento de carboidrato. Objetivo: Avaliar diferenças entre as estratégias de carregamento de carboidratos (Bergström e Sherman) no teor de água intracelular (AIC) ou água extracelular (AEC). Métodos: Vinte e três corredores foram alocados aleatoriamente para duas intervenções (Bergström e Sherman) num delineamento em "crossover". Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação inicial antes dos 3 dias de depleção de glicogênio, seguidos por 3 dias de carga de carboidratos com tempo de "washout" de 30 dias consistindo em dieta e treinamento normais. Utilizou-se a bioimpedância multifrequencial (BIS) para avaliar AIC e AEC na Etapa Inicial, Pós-depleção e Pós-CHO para determinar quaisquer diferenças entre os protocolos de Bersgstrom e Sherman. Também foram obtidas coletas de sangue para avaliar o potássio. Foram determinadas associações entre AIC, AEC e glicogênio muscular. Resultados: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC ou AEC entre as duas intervenções em qualquer momento. Houve um efeito do tempo para AIC, com aumento da etapa Pós-depleção para Pós-CHO sem qualquer diferença entre as intervenções. O potássio plasmático diminuiu entre a Linha de base e Pós-depleção em ambas condições. Não houve diferença no conteúdo de glicogênio muscular entre intervenções ou momentos. Conclusão: Não houve diferenças no conteúdo de AIC e AEC entre as intervenções de Bergström e Sherman em qualquer momento. Nível de Evidência I; Testes de Critérios Diagnósticos Desenvolvidos Anteriormente.

A critical review of the perioperative fluid therapy and hemodynamic monitoring recommendations of the Enhanced Recovery of the Adult Pathway (RICA): A position statement of the fluid therapy and hemodynamic monitoring Subcommittee of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section (SHTF) of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SEDAR).

In an effort to standardize perioperative management and improve postoperative outcomes of adult patients undergoing surgery, the Ministry of Health, through the Spanish Multimodal Rehabilitation Group (GERM), and the Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences, in collaboration with multiple Spanish scientific societies and based on the available evidence, published in 2021 the Spanish Intensified Adult Recovery (RICA) guideline. This document includes 12 perioperative measures related to fluid therapy and hemodynamic monitoring. Fluid administration and hemodynamic monitoring are not straightforward but are directly related to postoperative patient outcomes. The Fluid Therapy and Hemodynamic Monitoring Subcommittee of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section (SHTF) of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SEDAR) has reviewed these recommendations and concluded that they should be revised as they do not follow an adequate methodology.

Research priorities in perioperative fluid therapy and hemodynamic monitoring: A Delphi Consensus Survey from the Fluid Therapy and Hemodynamic Monitoring Subcommittee of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section (SHTF) of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SEDAR).

BACKGROUND: Research in fluid therapy and perioperative hemodynamic monitoring is difficult and expensive. The objectives of this study were to summarize these topics and to prioritize these topics in order of research importance. METHODS: Electronic structured Delphi questionnaire over three rounds among 30 experts in fluid therapy and hemodynamic monitoring identified through the Fluid Therapy and Hemodynamic Monitoring Subcommittee of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care. RESULTS: 77 topics were identified and ranked in order of prioritization. Topics were categorized into themes of crystalloids, colloids, hemodynamic monitoring and others. 31 topics were ranked as essential research priority. To determine whether intraoperative hemodynamic optimization algorithms based on the invasive or noninvasive Hypotension Prediction Index versus other management strategies could decrease the incidence of postoperative complications. As well as whether the use of renal stress biomarkers together with a goal-directed fluid therapy protocol could reduce hospital stay and the incidence of acute kidney injury in adult patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, reached the highest consensus. CONCLUSIONS: The Fluid Therapy and Hemodynamic Monitoring Subcommittee of the Hemostasis, Transfusion Medicine and Fluid Therapy Section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology and Critical Care will use these results to carry out the research.

Fluid challenges in operating room: A planned sub study of the Fluid Day observational study.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative fluid administration is a ubiquitous intervention in surgical patients. But inadequate fluid administration may lead to poor postoperative outcomes. Fluid challenges (FCs), in or outside the so-called goal-directed fluid therapy, allows testing the cardiovascular system and the need for further fluid administration. Our primary aim was to evaluate how anesthesiologists conduct FCs in the operating room in terms of type, volume, variables used to trigger a FC and to compare the proportion of patients receiving further fluid administration based on the response to the FC. METHODS: This was a planned substudy of an observational study conducted in 131 centres in Spain in patients undergoing surgery. RESULTS: A total of 396 patients were enrolled and analysed in the study. The median [interquartile range] amount of fluid given during a FC was 250ml (200-400). The main indication for FC was a decrease in systolic arterial pressure in 246 cases (62.2%). The second was a decrease in mean arterial pressure (54.4%). Cardiac output was used in 30 patients (7.58%), while stroke volume variation in 29 of 385 cases (7.32%). The response to the initial FC did not have an impact when prescribing further fluid administration. CONCLUSIONS: The current indication and evaluation of FC in surgical patients is highly variable. Prediction of fluid responsiveness is not routinely used, and inappropriate variables are frequently evaluated for assessing the hemodynamic response to FC, which may result in deleterious effects.

Fluid therapy and traumatic brain injury: A narrative review.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important health and social problem. The mechanism of damage of this entity could be divided into two phases: (1) a primary acute injury because of the traumatic event; and (2) a secondary injury due to the hypotension and hypoxia generated by the previous lesion, which leads to ischemia and necrosis of neural cells. Cerebral edema is one of the most important prognosis markers observed in TBI. In the early stages of TBI, the cerebrospinal fluid compensates the cerebral edema. However, if edema increases, this mechanism fails, increasing intracranial pressure. To avoid this chain effect, several treatments are applied in the clinical practice, including elevation of the head of the bed, maintenance of normothermia, pain and sedation drugs, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, controlled hyperventilation, and fluid therapy (FT). The goal of FT is to improve the circulatory system to avoid the lack of oxygen to organs. Therefore, rapid and early infusion of large volumes of crystalloids is performed in clinical practice to restore blood volume and blood pressure. Despite the relevance of FT in the early management of TBI, there are few clinical trials regarding which solution is better to apply. The aim of this study is to provide a narrative review about the role of the different types of FT used in the daily clinical practice on the management of TBI. To achieve this objective, a physiopathological approach to this entity will be also performed, summarizing why the different types of FT are used.

Perioperative colloids: From theory to practice.

INTRODUCTION: Fluid administration is the cornerstone in hypovolemic patient's reanimation. Clinical guidelines restrict colloid administration favouring crystalloids. Currently, we don't know exactly which is the daily clinical practice during the perioperative period. The objective of this study is to describe perioperative use of colloids analysing possible reasons aiming to use them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, cross-section, national, multicentre observational study. Fluid Day sub-study. We enrolled all patient's older than 18 years old who underwent surgery during the 24 h of the 2-days study (February, 2019, 18th and 20th). We registered demographic data, comorbidities, anaesthetic and surgical procedure data, fluids administered, perioperative bleeding and monitoring type used during the perioperative period. RESULTS: A total of 5928 cases were analysed and 542 patients (9.1%) received any type of colloids, being hydroxiethyl-starch the most frequently used (5.1%). Patients receiving colloids suffered more longing surgery (150 [90-255] vs. 75 [45-120] min), were urgently operated (13.7 vs. 7.5%) and were more frequent classified as high risk (22 vs. 4.8%). Their recovery was mostly in critical care units (45.1 vs.15.8%). Patients with bleeding less than 500 ml received colloids in a percentage of 5.9 versus 45.9% when this figure was overcome. Patients who received colloids were anaemic more frequently: 29.4 vs. 16.3%. Colloids administration had a higher risk for transfusion (OR 15.7). Advanced monitoring also increased the risk for receiving colloids (OR 9.43). CONCLUSIONS: In our environment with routine clinical practice, colloids administration is limited and close linked to perioperative bleeding.

Survey on initial management of acute pancreatitis in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: The population of Latin America harbors the highest incidence of gallstones and acute biliary pancreatitis, yet little is known about the initial management of acute pancreatitis in this large geographic region. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of responses from physicians based in Latin America to the international multidisciplinary survey on the initial management of acute pancreatitis. The questionnaire asked about management of patients during the first 72h after admission, related to fluid therapy, prescription of prophylactic antibiotics, feeding and nutrition, and timing of cholecystectomy. Adherence to clinical guidelines in this region was compared with the rest of the world. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 358 participants from 19 Latin American countries (median age, 39 years [33-47]; women, 27.1%). The proportion of participants in Latin America vs. the rest of the world who chose non-compliant options with clinical guidelines were: prescription of fluid therapy rate other than moderate (42.2% vs 34.3%, P=.02); prescription of prophylactic antibiotics for severe (10.6% vs 18.0%, P=.002), necrotizing (28.5% vs 36.9%, P=.008), or systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated (21.2% vs 30.6%, P=.002) acute pancreatitis; not starting an oral diet to patients with oral tolerance (77.9% vs 71.1%, P=.02); and delayed cholecystectomy (16.2% vs 33.8%, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Surveyed physicians in Latin America are less likely to prescribe antibiotics and to delay cholecystectomy when managing patients in the initial phase of acute pancreatitis compared to physicians in the rest of the world. Feeding and nutrition appear to require the greatest improvement.

Aporte de fluidos en el pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados / Fluid intake in hospitalized pediatric patients

El aporte de fluidos constituye un elemento central en la atención del paciente pediátrico hospitalizado, existiendo aún controversias acerca de cuál es la composición óptima, la dosis adecuada y la mejor estrategia para administrar los mismos. El propósito de este artículo de actualización es brindar al médico que se desempeña en las diferentes áreas de la internación pediátrica, conceptos y enfoques terapéuticos que lo ayuden en la asistencia de los pacientes que por diversos motivos requieren la administración de fluidos endovenosos. La recomendación de utilizar cristaloides en la reanimación es casi uniforme. Se observa una clara tendencia al uso de soluciones isotónicas balanceadas para la reposición del déficit previo y el aporte de fluidos de mantenimiento. En relación a la dosis y a la estrategia, es generalizada la recomendación de un enfoque más restrictivo en el aporte de volumen, aún en los pacientes con shock, donde es necesario lograr un balance entre una resucitación efectiva y el riesgo de sobrecarga de fluidos. Respecto a la administración de albúmina al 20% en el paciente crítico con hipoalbuminemia, la evidencia existente es escasa y no permite formular recomendaciones. Sin embargo, es frecuente su uso en la práctica asistencial

Intravenous fluids administration is a central element in the care of hospitalized pediatric patients, and there are still controversies about what is the optimal composition, the appropriate dose, and the best strategy for their administration. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide the physicians who works in the different areas of pediatric hospitalization, concepts and therapeutic approaches that help them in the care of patients who for diverse reasons require administration of intravenous fluids. The recommendation to use crystalloids in resuscitation is almost uniform. There is a clear trend towards the use of balanced isotonic solutions to replace the previous deficit and the supply of maintenance fluids. In relation to the dose and strategy, the recommendation of a more restrictive approach in volume administration is generalized, even in patients with shock, where it is necessary to strike a balance between effective resuscitation and the risk of fluid overload. Regarding the administration of 20% albumin in critically ill patients with hypoalbuminemia, the existing evidence is scarce and does not allow recommendations to be formulated. However, it is frequently used in healthcare practice

Administración de fluidos a pacientes graves y su relación con la mortalidad / Fluids administration to seriously ill patients and its relationship with mortality

Introducción: La administración de fluidos constituye uno de los pilares de tratamiento en pacientes que ingresan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, en quienes la reanimación inadecuada y la sobrecarga de volumen empeoran el pronóstico. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado de la administración de fluidos a pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila y su relación con la mortalidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico y prospectivo de 147 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila durante el primer semestre de 2020, para lo cual se evaluaron 598 pruebas de fluidos, algunas variables hemodinámicas y el balance de líquidos en las primeras 72 horas del ingreso. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 48,3 años, predominaron las mujeres (55,8 %), la puntuación de APACHE II al ingreso resultó ser de 14,2 puntos y fallecieron 22,4 % de los afectados. Para administrar fluidos prevaleció el criterio clínico (57,2%); mientras que la presión venosa central, la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial media y la diuresis fueron similares en vivos y fallecidos. El balance acumulado de fluidos fue significativamente superior en el grupo de pacientes fallecidos (1984,70 mL vs 260mL). Conclusiones: Los cambios en los parámetros vitales después de administrar fluidos no fueron útiles para evaluar la respuesta al volumen. El balance acumulado de fluidos se relacionó de forma significativa con la mortalidad.

Introduction: Fluids administration constitutes one of the treatment pillars in patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit in which the inadequate reanimation and overload of volume worsen the prognosis. Objective: To characterize the state of fluid administration to patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital in Ciego de Ávila and its relationship with mortality. Methods: An analytic and prospective descriptive study of 147 patients admitted to the Intensive Cares Units of Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Hospital was carried out in Ciego de Ávila during the first semester of 2020, for which 598 tests of fluids, some hemodynamic variables and the balance of liquids were evaluated in the first 72 hours of admission. Results: The average age was 48.3 years, there was a prevalence of women (55.8 %), the punctuation of APACHE II at admission was 14.2 points and 22.4 % of those affected died. To administer fluids the clinical approach prevailed (57.2 %); while the central venous pressure, heart frequency, the mean arterial pressure and diuresis were similar in alive and dead patients. The accumulated balance of fluids was significantly higher in the group of dead patients (1984.70 mL vs 260 mL). Conclusions: The changes in the vital parameters after administering fluids were not useful to evaluate the response to the volume. The accumulated balance of fluids was related to mortality in a significant way.

Crisis suprarrenal: prevención, corticoterapia y elección del fármaco, revisión de la evidencia actual y recomendaciones / Adrenal crisis: prevention, corticotherapy and choice of the drug, review of current evidence and recommendations

INTRODUCCIÓN. La crisis suprarrenal se refiere a la insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda; la cual es un trastorno en el que la corteza adrenal no produce suficientes hormonas esteroides (en especial cortisol) para satisfacer las demandas del cuerpo, de acuerdo al mecanismo fisiopatológico se la puede clasificar como primaria, secundaria y terciaria, siendo más común en pacientes con insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria. Es una emergencia potencialmente mortal que requiere tratamiento inmediato. OBJETIVO. Establecer una estrategia de prevención y tratamiento de la crisis suprarrenal, así como la farmacoterapia ideal y sus alternativas válidas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en varias revistas virtuales de alto carácter científico como Cochrane Library, Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, MEDLINE a través de PubMed y ClinicalTrial.gov. Se seleccionaron revisiones sistemáticas con o sin metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y recomendaciones de expertos relacionados con prevención y tratamiento de crisis suprarrenal en general. RESULTADOS. Se obtuvieron 1819 resultados, de los cuales se seleccionaron 20 artículos con mayor validez y replicabilidad en el medio para establecer un protocolo unificado de actuación. CONCLUSIÓN. El objetivo de la terapia es el tratamiento de la hipotensión y reversión de las anomalías electrolíticas y de la deficiencia de cortisol. Se deben infundir por vía intravenosa grandes volúmenes (1 a 3 litros) de solución salina al 0,9% o dextrosa al 5% en solución salina al 0,9% y la administración de hidrocortisona (bolo de 100 mg), seguido de 50 mg cada 6 horas (o 200 mg / 24 horas como infusión continua durante las primeras 24 horas). Si no se dispone de hidrocortisona, las alternativas incluyen prednisolona, prednisona y dexametasona.

INTRODUCTION. Adrenal crisis refers to acute adrenal insufficiency; which is a disorder in which the adrenal cortex does not produce enough steroid hormones (especially cortisol) to meet the body's demands, according to the pathophysiological mechanism it can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary, being more common in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. It is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate treatment. OBJECTIVE. To establish a strategy for the prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis, as well as the ideal pharmacotherapy and its valid alternatives. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A literature review was performed in several highly scientific virtual journals such as Cochrane Library, Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database, MEDLINE through PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, clinical trials and expert recommendations related to prevention and treatment of adrenal crisis in general were selected. RESULTS. A total of 1819 results were obtained, from which 20 articles with greater validity and replicability in the setting were selected to establish a unified protocol for action. CONCLUSIONS. The aim of therapy is the treatment of hypotension and reversal of electrolyte abnormalities and cortisol deficiency. Large volumes (1 to 3 liters) of 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline and administration of hydrocortisone (100 mg bolus), followed by 50 mg every 6 hours (or 200 mg / 24 hours as a continuous infusion for the first 24 hours) should be infused intravenously. If hydrocortisone is not available, alternatives include prednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone.

Recommendation document on rapid intravenous rehydration in acute gastroenteritis.

INTRODUCTION: The efficacy and safety of the Rapid Intravenous Rehydration (RIR) guidelines in children affected by dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis is supported by current scientific evidence, but there is also great variability in its use in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a document with evidence-based recommendations about RIR in paediatric population. METHODS: The project was developed based on GRADE methodology, according to the following work schedule: Working Group training; creation of a catalogue of questions about research and definition of "relevant outcomes"; score and selection criteria for each item; bibliographic review; scientific evidence evaluation and synthesis (GRADE); review, discussion and creation of recommendations. 10 clinical questions and 15 relevant outcomes were created (7 about efficacy and 8 about security). RESULTS: 16 recommendations were set up, from which we can highlight as the main ones: 1) RIR is safe for children affected by mild-moderate dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis, unless expressly contraindicated or acute severe comorbidity (strong recommendation, moderate evidence). 2) Its use is recommended in this situation when oral rehydration has failed or due to contraindication (strong, high). 3) Isotonic fluids are recommended (strong, high), suggesting saline fluid as the first option (light, low), supplemented by glucose (2.5%) in those patients showing normoglycemia and ketosis (strong, moderate). 4) A rhythm of 20cc/kg/h is recommended (strong, high) during 1-4 h (strong, moderate). CONCLUSIONS: This document establishes consensus recommendations, based on the available scientific evidence, which could contribute to the standardisation of the use of RIR in our setting.

Do we overestimate intravenous fluid therapy needs? Adverse effects related to isotonic solutions during pediatric hospital admissions.

INTRODUCTION: Maintenance intravenous fluids are frequently used in hospitalised pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to describe the adverse effects of isotonic fluid therapy in hospitalised patients, and its prevalence based on the rate of infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective clinical observational study was designed. We included hospitalised patients between 3 months-old and 15-years-old were included with 0,9% isotonic solutions with 5% glucose within the first 24 h of administration. They were divided into two groups, depending on the quantity of liquid they received (restricted <100% vs 100% maintenance needs). Clinical data and laboratory findings were recorded in two different times (T0 when they were admitted to hospital and T1 within the first 24 h of administration). RESULTS: The study included 84 patients, 33 received <100% maintenance needs and 51 patients received around 100%. The main adverse effects notified in the first 24 h of administration were hyperchloremia >110 mEq/L (16.6%) and oedema (19%). Oedema was more frequent in patients with lower age (p < 0,01). The hyperchloremia at 24 h of intravenous fluids was an independent risk factor of developing oedema (OR 1,73 (1,0-3,8), p = 0,06). CONCLUSION: The use of isotonic fluids is not free from adverse effects, probably related to the rate of infusion and more likely to appear in infants. It`s necessary more studies that review the correct estimation of intravenous fluid needs in hospitalized children.

[Fluid therapy in sepsis and septic shock]. / Fluidoterapia en la sepsis y el shock séptico.

Fluid resuscitation is a crucial part of the treatment of hypotension and shock of any etiology. Particularly in septic shock, it is an essential element of the initial care bundle. Like all treatments in sepsis, it is also subject to multiple controversies: what type of fluid, how much, how long to administer it, potential risks, toxicity? The main guideline, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, continues to indicate crystalloids as the main fluid in resuscitation. But the possibility of crystalloids balanced on 0.9% saline or combined use with albumin in the resuscitation of the septic patient is still under debate. This is probably another point where we should always consider individualizing both the type and amount of fluids to be administered in both the initial and maintenance phases of the management of sepsis and septic shock.

[Resuscitation strategy for patients with sepsis and septic shock]. / Estrategia integral de reanimación del paciente con sepsis y shock séptico.

Fluid and vasopressor resuscitation is, along with antimicrobial therapy and control of the focus of infection, a basic issue of the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. There is currently no accepted protocol that we can follow for the resuscitation of these patients and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign proposes controversial measures and without sufficient evidence support to establish firm recommendations. We propose a resuscitation strategy adapted to the situation of each patient: in the patient in whom community sepsis is suspected, we consider that the early administration of 30mL/kg of crystalloids is effective and safe; in the patient with nosocomial sepsis, we must carry out a more in-depth evaluation before initiating aggressive resuscitation. In patients who do not respond to initial resuscitation, it is necessary to increase monitoring level and, depending on the hemodynamic profile, administer more fluids, a second vasopressor or inotropes.

Effect of half-molar sodium lactate infusion on biochemical parameters in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the infusion of sodium lactate 500ml upon different biochemical variables and intracranial pressure in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. DESIGN: A prospective experimental single cohort study was carried out. SCOPE: Polyvalent intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Critical patients with shock and intracranial hypertension. PROCEDURE: A 500ml sodium lactate bolus was infused in 15min. Plasma levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, lactate, bicarbonate, PaCO2, pH, phosphate and albumin were recorded at 3 timepoints: T0 pre-infusion; T1 at 30min, and T2 at 60min post-infusion. Mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure were measured at T0 and T2. RESULTS: Forty-one patients received sodium lactate: 19 as an osmotically active agent and 22 as a volume expander. Metabolic alkalosis was observed: T0 vs. T1 (p=0.007); T1 vs. T2 (p=0.003). Sodium increased at the 3 timepoints (T0 vs. T1, p<0.0001; T1 vs. T2, p=0.0001). In addition, sodium lactate decreased intracranial pressure (T0: 24.83±5.4 vs. T2: 15.06±5.8; p<0.001). Likewise, plasma lactate showed a biphasic effect, with a rapid decrease at T2 (p<0.0001), including in those with previous hyperlactatemia (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The infusion of sodium lactate is associated to metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, reduced chloremia, and a biphasic change in plasma lactate levels. Moreover, a decrease in intracranial pressure was observed in patients with acute brain injury.

Intraoperative crystalloid utilization variability and association with postoperative outcomes: A post hoc analysis of two multicenter prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: The optimal regimen for intravenous administration of intraoperative fluids remains unclear. Our goal was to analyze intraoperative crystalloid volume administration practices and their association with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: We extracted clinical data from two multicenter observational studies including adult patients undergoing colorectal surgery and total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA). We analyzed the distribution of intraoperative fluid administration. Regression was performed using a general linear model to determine factors predictive of fluid administration. Patient outcomes and intraoperative crystalloid utilization were summarized for each surgical cohort. Regression models were developed to evaluate associations of high or low intraoperative crystalloid with the likelihood of increased postoperative complications, mainly acute kidney injury (AKI) and hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: 7580 patients were included. The average adjusted intraoperative crystalloid infusion rate across all surgeries was to 7.9 (SD 4) mL/kg/h. The regression model strongly favored the type of surgery over other patient predictors. We found that high fluid volume was associated with 40% greater odds ratio (OR 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.95, p = 0.044) of postoperative complications in patients undergoing THA, while we found no associations for the other types of surgeries, AKI and LOS CONCLUSIONS: A wide variability was observed in intraoperative crystalloid volume administration; however, this did not affect postoperative outcomes.

[Recommendation document on rapid intravenous rehydration in acute gastroenteritis]. / Documento de recomendaciones sobre la rehidratación intravenosa rápida en gastroenteritis aguda.

INTRODUCTION: The efficacy and safety of the rapid intravenous rehydration (RIR) guidelines in children affected by dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis is supported by current scientific evidence, but there is also great variability in its use in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a document with evidence-based recommendations about RIR in paediatric population. METHODS: The project was developed based on GRADE methodology, according to the following work schedule: Working Group training; creation of a catalogue of questions about research and definition of «relevant outcomes¼; score and selection criteria for each item; bibliographic review; scientific evidence evaluation and synthesis (GRADE); review, discussion and creation of recommendations. 10 clinical questions and 15 relevant outcomes were created (7 about efficacy and 8 about security). RESULTS: Sixteen recommendations were set up, from which we can highlight as the main ones: (1) RIR is safe for children affected by mild-moderate dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis, unless expressly contraindicated or acute severe comorbidity (strong recommendation and moderate evidence). (2) Its use is recommended in this situation when oral rehydration has failed or due to contraindication (strong and high). (3) Isotonic fluids are recommended (strong and high), suggesting saline fluid as the first option (light and low), supplemented by glucose (2.5%) in those patients showing normoglycemia and ketosis (strong and moderate). (4) A rhythm of 20 cc/kg/h is recommended (strong and high) during 1-4 h (strong and moderate). CONCLUSIONS: This document establishes consensus recommendations, based on the available scientific evidence, which could contribute to the standardisation of the use of RIR in our setting.

Prevalencia y severidad de Hiponatremias en niños internados en el Hospital Pediátrico: estudio de cohorte / Prevalence and severity of hyponatremia in children admitted to a pediatric hospital: a cohort study

Introducción: Para disminuir la aparición de hiponatremias en los últimos años se aumentaron las concentraciones de sodio en las soluciones de mantenimiento, llegando a recomendarse las isotónicas, con mejoras de laboratorio pero con dudoso impacto clínico. En el Hospital Garrahan se utiliza una solución estándar hipotónica con cloruro de sodio 0,45%. Antes de reemplazar la solución según recomendaciones internacionales se decidió establecer la prevalencia de hiponatremia en pacientes internados, y su asociación con la solución estándar de hidratación. Población y métodos: Pacientes de 1 mes a 18 años, internados en el Hospital Garrahan. Estudio prospectivo y observacional. Se registró si el paciente recibía hidratación parenteral y la concentración de sodio. Se consideró hiponatremia significativa la presencia de sodio sérico menor a 130 mEq/L. y/o la presencia de síntomas compatibles con hiponatremia. Resultados: En 3003 internaciones la prevalencia global de hiponatremias diagnosticadas fue 4.4%, y asciende a 6.3% si se consideran solo los pacientes que fueron estudiados con ionograma (se le extrajo ionograma al 70,6% de los pacientes internados). La prevalencia de hiponatremias significativas fue de 1.5% (n=44) de los internados, y las hiponatremias significativas en internados que recibían la solución hipotónica estándar de mantenimiento fue de 0.3% (n=9). Conclusiones: En una población donde se utiliza una solución estándar con cloruro de sodio 0,45% -pero se modifica individualmente para las necesidades de cada paciente- la prevalencia de hiponatremias totales y significativas fue similar e incluso inferior a la publicada en otras series. (AU)

Introduction: To reduce the appearance of hyponatremia, in recent years, sodium concentrations were increased in maintenance solutions, and isotonic solutions were recommended, leading to improvements in laboratory studies, but with a doubtful clinical impact. A standard hypotonic solution with 0.45% sodium chloride is used at Garrahan Hospital. Before replacing the solution according to international recommendations, it was decided to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia in inpatients and its association with the standard hydration solution. Population and methods: Patients from 1 month to 18 years old, hospitalized at Garrahan Hospital. Prospective and observational study. Parenteral hydration of the patient and the sodium concentration were recorded. Significant hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium less than 130 mEq/L, and/or the presence of symptoms of hyponatremia. Results: In 3003 hospitalizations, the overall prevalence of diagnosed hyponatremia was 4.4%, increasing to 6.3% if only patients in whom a ionogram was performed were included (a ionogram was performed in 70.6% of the inpatients). Of all inpatients, 1.5% (n=44) had significant hyponatremia, and 0.3% (n=9) of the patients receiving the standard maintenance hypotonic solution had significant hyponatremia. Conclusions: In a population in whom a standard solution with 0.45% sodium chloride is used - but which is individually modified according to the needs of each patient - the prevalence of total and significant hyponatremia was similar and even lower than that reported in other series (AU)

Hidratación en el síndrome urémico hemolítico / Hydration in hemolytic uremic syndrome

El síndrome urémico hemolítico asociado a diarrea es precedido por una gastroenteritis por Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga. Se recomiendan medidas de sostén, especialmente, la restricción hídrica para evitar la sobrecarga cardiopulmonar. Sin embargo, la expansión de volumen con líquidos isotónicos, en el período prodrómico o síndrome urémico hemolítico establecido, es segura y eficaz, reduce los requerimientos de diálisis, los días de internación y de terapia intensiva, los eventos neurológicos y la hiponatremia.Por ello, se propone, bajo supervisión nefrológica y/o garantizando el acceso a un centro de alta complejidad a corto plazo, hidratar a todo paciente sin signos de sobrecarga cardiopulmonar, independientemente de su función renal, con expansión inicial de volumen. Luego, si se logra una diuresis adecuada, no dializarlo (excepto que presente un trastorno metabólico/electrolítico intratable médicamente) y continuar la hidratación con una solución isotónica de dextrosa al 5 % para una adecuada hidratación y diuresis.

Diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome is preceded by gastroenteritis due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Support measures are recommended, specifically, fluid restriction to avoid cardiopulmonary overload. However, in the prodromal period or with established hemolytic uremic syndrome, volume expansion with isotonic fluids is safe and effective, and reduces the need for dialysis, the length of hospital and intensive care stay, neurological events, and hyponatremia.Therefore, when nephrological monitoring is available and/or short-term access to a tertiary care hospital is guaranteed, it is suggested to hydrate patients with no signs of cardiopulmonary overload, regardless of their renal function, with initial volume expansion. Afterwards, if an adequate urine output is achieved, the patient should not be dialyzed (except if they have a medically intractable metabolic/electrolyte disorder) and hydration should be continued with an isotonic solution containing 5 % dextrose for adequate hydration and urine output.

Fluid balance during taekwondo training / Equilíbrio hídrico durante treinamento de taekwondo / Equilibrio hídrico durante entrenamiento de taekwondo

ABSTRACT Introduction Dehydration has been described as one of the main factors of reduced performance in combat sports activities, leading to death in extreme cases. Objective To investigate the pre-training hydration status and changes in fluid homeostasis during two taekwondo training sessions. Methods Eighteen male college athletes (age 22.6 ± 3.37 years) were assessed. The study design aimed to reproduce the conditions of a 90-minute taekwondo training session, divided into three stages: a) warm-up exercises (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min) and c) technical training (40 min). The athletes had ad libitum water intake during training. To assess the hydration status we considered body mass (BM), the amount of liquid consumed and urine output, which enabled us to establish absolute and relative fluid loss in kg and percentage as well as the sweating rate. We also considered urine specific gravity (USG), urine color (U-COL), and subjective sensation of thirst (Sthirst) before and after the training session. Pre- and post-training results were compared separately in each session and between sessions. Results There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in pre-training BM between the two days of training. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the final BM on both days of the experiment. Most subjects had relative dehydration below 2%. A significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded pre and post training for U-COL and Sthirst, with the highest rates obtained at the end of each session. Participants always started training at a low dehydration status (USG >1,020g.ml-1). Conclusions The athletes tended to start the training sessions in dehydration status, which increases over the course of the training. Ad libitum water intake was not sufficient to balance fluid loss. Changes in fluid levels between sessions were similar. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results Level of Treatment.

RESUMO Introdução A desidratação tem sido descrita como um dos principais fatores de redução de desempenho em atividades de luta, levando, em casos extremos, à morte. Objetivos Investigar o estado da hidratação antes do treino e as alterações no balanço hídrico corporal durante dois treinamentos de taekwondo. Métodos Foram avaliados 18 atletas universitários do sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 anos). O desenho do estudo procurou reproduzir uma condição de treinamento de taekwondo com duração de 90 minutos, dividido em três etapas: a) aquecimento (20 min.), b) poomsae (30 min.) e c) treino técnico (40 min.). Durante o treino, adotou-se o consumo de água ad libitum. Para avaliar o estado de hidratação, considerou-se a massa corporal (MC), a quantidade de líquido consumido e o volume de urina produzido, o que permitiu estabelecer a perda hídrica absoluta e relativa em kg e porcentagem, além da taxa de sudorese. Foi considerada ainda a gravidade específica da urina (GEU), bem como sua coloração (COL-U), além da sensação subjetiva de sede (SSede) antes e depois do treino. Os resultados antes e depois do treino foram comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o comparados de forma isolada em cada sessão, assim como entre as sessões. Resultados Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) da MC pré-treinamento entre os dois dias de treino. Houve redução significativa (P < 0,05) da MC final em ambos os dias de experimento. A maior parte dos avaliados apresentou desidratação relativa inferior a 2%. Registrou-se diferença significativa (P < 0,05) antes e depois do treino para COL-U e para SSede, com os maiores índices obtidos ao final de cada sessão. Os participantes sempre iniciaram o treinamento em leve estado de desidratação (GEU > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusões Os atletas tendem a iniciar os treinamentos em estado de desidratação, que se amplia durante o treino. O consumo de líquidos ad libitum não foi suficiente para equilibrar a perda hídrica. As alterações hídricas entre as sessões foram semelhantes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La deshidratación ha sido descrita como uno de los principales factores de reducción del desempeño en actividades de lucha, llevando, en casos extremos, a la muerte. Objetivos Investigar el estado de la hidratación antes del entrenamiento y las alteraciones en el balance hídrico corporal durante dos entrenamientos de taekwondo. Métodos Se evaluaron 18 atletas universitarios del sexo masculino (22,6 ± 3,37 años). El diseño del estudio intentó reproducir una condición de entrenamiento de taekwondo con duración de 90 minutos, dividido en tres etapas: a) calentamiento (20 min); b) poomsae (30 min); y c) entrenamiento técnico (40 min). Durante el entrenamiento, se adoptó el consumo de agua ad libitum. Para evaluar el estado de hidratación, se consideró la masa corporal (MC), la cantidad de líquido consumido y el volumen de orina producido, lo que permitió establecer la pérdida hídrica absoluta y relativa en kg y porcentaje, además de la tasa de sudoración. Fue considerada además la gravedad específica de la orina (GEO), así como su coloración (COL-O), además de la sensación subjetiva de sed (SSed), antes y después del entrenamiento. Los resultados antes y después del entrenamiento fueron comparados de forma aislada en cada sesión, así como entre las sesiones. Resultados Hubo diferencia significativa (P<0,05) de la MC preentrenamiento entre los dos días de entrenamiento. Hubo reducción significativa (P<0,05) de la MC final en ambos días de experimento. La mayor parte de los evaluados presentó deshidratación relativa inferior a 2%. Se registró diferencia significativa (P<0,05) antes y después del entrenamiento para COL-O y para SSed, con los mayores índices obtenidos al final de cada sesión. Los participantes siempre iniciaron el entrenamiento en leve estado de deshidratación (GEO > 1.020 g.ml-1). Conclusiones Los atletas tienden a iniciar los entrenamientos en estado de deshidratación, que se amplía durante el entrenamiento. El consumo de líquidos ad libitum no fue suficiente para equilibrar la pérdida hídrica. Las alteraciones hídricas entre las sesiones fueron semejantes. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.